čas

příklad – zápor – otázka (záporná otázka)

příklady použití
>> signální slova

1.

přítomný průběhový

am/is/are +

inf. +  -ing

I am working. (I’m working.)

You are working. (You‘re working.)

He/she is working.  (He‘s working.)

We are working. (We’re working.)

They are working.  (They’re working.)

Are you working?

Is he working?

Yes, I am. Yes, he is.

I am not working. (I’m not working.)

You aren’t working.

He/she isn’t working.

We aren’t working.

They aren’t working.

Aren’t you working?

Isn’t he working?

No, I’m no . No he isn’t.

= teď, právě probíhající proces

I’m sitting here right now.

= plán pro blízkou budoucnost.

We are playing tennis tomorrow.

– zvláště pro slovesa to go, to come (u kterých se nepoužívá vazba to be going to)

>> just now, right now, at the moment 

2.

přítomný prostý

inf.

3.os.j.č.: + -s

I work.

You work.

He/she works.

We work.

They work.

Do you work?

Does he work?

Yes, I do. Yes, he does.

I don’t work.

You don’t work.

He/she doesn’t work.

We don’t work.

They don’t work.

Don’t you work?

Doesn’t he work?

No, I don’t. No, he doesn’t.

= obecná pravda

The sun rises every day.

= relativně dlouhodobá pravda

I work in a bank.

= opakovaný děj

She swims every Sunday.

= city, pocity, názory

I agree with you. I feel tired.

>> always, often, sometimes, usually, every Sunday… 

3.

minulý prostý

inf. +  -ed

(pravid.sl.)

2. tvar

(neprav. sl.)

to be:

was/were

I worked.

You worked.

He/she worked.

We worked.

They worked.

Did you work?

Did he work?

Yes, I did. Yes, he did.

I didn’t worked.

You didn’t work.

He/she didn’t work.

We didn’t work.

They didn’t work.

Didn’t you work?

Didn’t he work?

No, I didn’t. No, he didn’t.

= skončená událost v minulosti

I saw him yesterday.

>> last year, yesterday…

4.

minulý průběhový

was/were +

inf. + -ing

I was working.

You were working.

He/she was working.

We were working.

They were working.

Were you working?

Was he working?

Yes, I was. Yes, he was.

I wasn’t working.

You weren’t working.

He/she wasn’t working.

We weren’t working.

They weren’t working.

Weren’t you working?

Wasn’t he working?

No, I wasn’t. No, he wasn’t.

= po nějakou dobu v minulosti

I was listening to the radio from 9 to 10.

>> ten hours, all day, from – to, when, while …

5.

předminulý prostý

had +

inf. + -ed

I had worked. (I’d worked)

You had worked. (You’d worked.)

He/She had worked. (He’d worked.)

We had worked. (We’d worked.)

They had worked. (They’d worked.)

Had you worked?

Had he worked?

Yes, I had. Yes, he had.

I hadn’t worked.

You hadn’t worked.

He/She hadn’t worked.

We hadn’t worked.

They hadn’t worked.

Hadn’t you worked?

Hadn’t he worked?

No, I hadn‘t. No, he hadn’t.

= ukončená činnost, která proběhla předtím než se událo něco jiného v minulosti, měl jsem odpracováno

6.

předminulý průběhový

had +

been +

inf. + -ing

I had been working. (I’d been working.)

You had been working. (You’d...)

He/she had been working. (He’d ...)

We had been working. (We’d ...)

They had been working. (They’d ...)

Had you been working?

Yes, I had.

I hadn’t been working.

You hadn’t been working.

He/she hadn’t been working.

We hadn’t been working.

They hadn’t been working.

Hadn‘t you been working?

No, I hadn’t.

= po nějakou dobu v minulosti, např. předtím, než se událo něco jiného v minulosti

7.

předpřítomný prostý

have/has +

inf. + -ed

I have worked. (I’ve worked.)

You have worked. (You’ve worked.)

He/She has worked. (He’s worked.)

We have worked. (We’ve worked.)

They have worked. (They’ve worked.)

Have you worked?

Has he worked?

Yes, I have. Yes, he has.

I haven’t worked.

You haven’t worked.

He/She hasn’t worked.

We haven’t worked.

They haven’t worked.

Haven’t you worked?

Hasn’t he worked?

No, I haven‘t. No, he hasn’t.

= neskončená minulost, možná bude pokračovat dále

I have worked here for two years.

= výsledek činnosti probíhající v minulosti, který má souvislost s přítomností

She has cut her hair.

= zkušenost nebo její absence za celý život (u žijících)

I have never been to Canada.

>> never, ever, yet, not yet, so far, already ... 

8.

předpřítomný průběhový

have/has +

been +

inf. + -ing

I have been working. (I’ve been ...)

You have been working.

He/She has been working. (He’s ...)

We have been working.

They have been working.

Have you been working?

Has he been working?

Yes, I have. Yes, he has.

I haven’t been working.

You haven’t been working.

He/She hasn’t been working.

We haven’t been working.

They haven’t been working.

Haven’t you been working?

Hasn’t he been working?

No, I haven‘t. No, he hasn’t.

= viz. 7., ale se zdůrazněním průběhu, trvání slovesa.

Hlavně u sloves, která předpokládají nějakou dobu (to run, to wait...)

We have been waiting for you for two hours!

>> since (=od), for one hour ...

9.

budoucí prostý

will +

inf.

I will work. (I’ll work.)

You will work. (You’ll work.)

He/She will work. (He’ll work.)

We will work. (We’ll work.)

They will work. (They’ll work.)

Will you work?

Will he work?

Yes, I will. Yes, he will.

I will not work. (I won’t work.)

You won’t work.

He/She won’t work.

We won’t work.

They won’t work.

Won’t you work?

Won’t he work?

No, I won‘t. No, he won’t.

= vyjádření přesvědčení, že se něco v budoucnosti stane

(Liverpool will win the cup.)

= okamžité rozhodnutí učiněné v okamžiku promluvy (pokud plánuji musí být to be going to nebo -ing)

Thanks for the book. I will bring it tomorrow.

>> tomorrow, on Friday morning... 

10.

budoucí průběhový

will +

be +

inf. + -ing

I will be working. (I’ll be working.)

You will be working.

He/She will be working.

We will be working.

They will be working.

Will you be working?

Will he be working?

Yes, I will. Yes, he will.

I won’t be working.

You won’t be working.

He/She won’t be working.

We won’t be working.

They won’t be working.

Won’t you be working?

Won’t he be working?

No, I won‘t. No he won’t.

= činnost, děj probíhající po nějakou dobu v budoucnosti

I will be watching TV from 9 to 10 a.m.

>> from – to, all day, when, while...

11.

předbudoucí prostý

will +

have +

inf. + -ed

I will have worked. (I’ll have worked.)

You will have worked.

He/She will have worked.

We will have worked.

They will have worked.

I won’t have worked.

You won‘t have worked.

He/She won’t have worked.

We won’t have worked.

They won‘t have worked.

= v nějakém okamžiku v budoucnosti bude ukončena nějaká činnost, děj, budu mít odpracováno.

>> before, by...

12.

předbudoucí průběhový

will +

have + been +

inf. + -ing

I will have been working (for 10 years).

You will have been working.

He/She will have been working.

We will have been working.

They will have been working.

I won‘t have been working.

You won‘t have been working.

He/She won‘t have been working.

We won‘t have been working.

They won‘t have been working.

= př. Příští rok touto dobou budu zaměstnán u této firmy 10 let

Jiné možnosti vyjádření budoucnosti:

blízká budoucnost

am/is/are +

going +

to inf.

I am going to work.

You are going to work.

He/She is going to work.

We are going to work.

They are going to work.

Are you going to work?

Is he going to work?

Yes, I am. Yes, he is.

I’m not going to work.

You aren’t going to work.

He/She isn’t going to work.

We aren’t going to work.

They aren’t going to work.

Aren’t you going to work?

Isn’t he going to work?

No, I’m not. No, he isn’t.

= úmysl (hodlám, chystám se)

I´m going to write a letter now.)

= vnější příznaky

It’s going to rain. She’s going to have a baby.

Nepoužívá se u sloves to go, to come (u nich použijeme přítomný čas průběhový).

pomocí přítomného průběhového (viz. výše)

př. I’m going to cinema tonight.

     He’s leaving tomorrow.

= plánovaná událost

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